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1 procedural matter
1) Общая лексика: вопрос процедурного характера2) Юридический термин: процессуальный вопрос3) Дипломатический термин: вопрос процедуры, процедурный вопрос -
2 procedural matter
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3 procedural matter
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4 procedural matter
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5 procedural matter
процедурный вопрос; вопрос процедуры -
6 procedural, matter
question f de procédure -
7 merely a procedural matter
עניין נוהלי בלבד* * *◙ דבלב ילהונ ןיינע◄ -
8 merely a procedural matter
slechts een procedurele zaak -
9 merely a procedural matter
endast en procedurmässig angelägenhet -
10 procedural
процедурний; процесуальний- procedural amendment
- procedural audit
- procedural code
- procedural criminal law
- procedural defect
- procedural defence
- procedural defense
- procedural determination
- procedural differences
- procedural document
- procedural due process of law
- procedural effectiveness
- procedural enforcement
- procedural error
- procedural formality
- procedural ground
- procedural guarantee
- procedural history
- procedural implementation
- procedural impropriety
- procedural infraction
- procedural irregularity
- procedural law
- procedural legislation
- procedural matter
- procedural means
- procedural motion
- procedural opponent
- procedural order
- procedural principle
- procedural protection
- procedural protection defence
- procedural protection defense
- procedural provision
- procedural question
- procedural restriction
- procedural review
- procedural rights
- procedural rule making
- procedural safeguard
- procedural stability
- procedural step -
11 procedural
aпроцедурный, относящийся к процедуре -
12 matter
предмет; вопрос; факт; дело; материалmatter amendatory in a statute — вопрос как основание или повод для внесения поправки в статут;
matter at law — вопрос права;
matter in contest — предмет спора;
matter in controversy — спорный вопрос; предмет спора;
matter in deed — 1. факт, подтверждаемый документом за печатью 2. вопрос факта;
matter in dispute [in issue] — предмет спора;
matter in pais — 1. факт, подтверждаемый устными доказательствами 2. вопрос факта;
in the matter of... — по делу... ;
matter under consideration — вопрос, факт или дело на рассмотрении;
- matter of argumentmatter under inquiry [investigation] — исследуемые или расследуемые вопрос, факт или дело
- matter of common knowledge
- matter of confidence
- matter of defence
- matter of discretion
- matter of equity
- matter of fact
- matter of form
- matter of law
- matter of litigation
- matter of official concern
- matter of practice
- matter of procedure
- matter of public concern
- matter of record
- matter of right
- matter of substance
- administrative matters
- ancient matter
- ancillary matter
- blasphemous matter
- civil matter
- collateral matter
- contestable matter
- contested matter
- copyrightable matter
- criminal matter
- defamatory matter
- denied matter
- disproved matter
- disputable matter
- disputed matter
- ecclesiastical matter
- enforcement matter
- established matter
- evidential matter
- governmental matter
- illegal matter
- internal matter
- investigated matter
- investigative matter
- law enforcement matter
- libellous matter
- litigated matter
- national defence matter
- new matter
- nude matter
- pending matter
- preliminary matter
- printed matter
- privileged matter
- probative matter
- procedural matter
- proved matter
- questionable matter
- questioned matter
- regulatory matter
- slanderous matter
- state matter
- substantive matter -
13 matter
n1. філос. матерія2. справа, питання3. суть, предмет (обговорення тощо)4. (of, for) привід, причина- agreed subject matter узгоджене питання (обговорення, переговорів тощо)- business matter справа, ділове питання- civil matter громадська справа, громадське питання- confidential matter секретна/ конфіденційна справа- controversial matter спірне питання- customs matters митні справи- defamatory matter дискредитуючі обставини- incidental matter побічне питання- personal matter питання особистого характеру- procedural matter процедурне питання, питання процедури- protocol matter протокольне питання- urgent matter нагальна/ важлива справа- matter of common knowledge загальновідома річ, загальновідоме питання- matter of concern предмет занепокоєння- matter of congratulation привід для привітання- matter of contention спірне питання- matter of dispute предмет суперечки- matter of great importance дуже важливе питання/ важлива справа- matter of mutual interest питання, що становить взаємний інтерес- matter of opinion спірне питання- matter of regret привід для жалю- matter under discussion питання, яке обговорюється- disagreement on protocol matters незгода щодо протокольних питань- indestructibility of matter незнищенність матерії- merits of the matter суть питання- substance of the matter суть питання- to come to the merits/ substance of the matter перейти до суті питання- to provide matter for discussion дати тему для обговорення- to raise an incidental matter поставити питання, яке не зв'язане з попереднім- to ask that a matter be treated as urgent вимагати негайного обговорення -
14 matter
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15 procedural
ks. acara, cara. It's a p. matter Soalnya mengenai pelaksanaannya. -
16 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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17 claim
1. transitive verb1) (demand as one's due property) Anspruch erheben auf (+ Akk.), beanspruchen [Thron, Gebiete]; fordern [Lohnerhöhung, Schadenersatz]; beantragen [Arbeitslosenunterstützung, Sozialhilfe usw.]; abholen [Fundsache]claim one's luggage — sein Gepäck [ab]holen
2) (represent oneself as having) für sich beanspruchen, in Anspruch nehmen [Sieg]4) (result in loss of) fordern [Opfer, Menschenleben]2. intransitive verb1) (Insurance) Ansprüche geltend machen2) (for costs)3. nounclaim for damages/expenses — Schadenersatz fordern/sich (Dat.) Auslagen rückerstatten lassen
1) Anspruch, der (to auf + Akk.)lay claim to something — auf etwas (Akk.) Anspruch erheben
make too many claims on something — etwas zu sehr in Anspruch nehmen
2) (assertion)make claims about something — Behauptungen über etwas (Akk.) aufstellen
4)claim for damages — Schadenersatzforderung, die
5)stake a claim to something — (fig.) ein Anrecht auf etwas (Akk.) anmelden
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/85370/claim_back">claim back* * *[kleim] 1. verb1) (to say that something is a fact: He claims to be the best runner in the class.) behaupten2) (to demand as a right: You must claim your money back if the goods are damaged.) fordern3) (to state that one is the owner of: Does anyone claim this book?) beanspruchen2. noun1) (a statement (that something is a fact): Her claim that she was the millionaire's daughter was disproved.) die Behauptung2) ((a demand for) a payment of compensation etc: a claim for damages against her employer.) die (Zahlungs-)Forderung3) (a demand for something which (one says) one owns or has a right to: a rightful claim to the money.) der Anspruch•- claimant* * *[kleɪm]I. na \claim to fame ein Anspruch m auf Ruhmto make \claims to be sth/[that]... behaupten, etw zu sein/[dass]...to make wild \claims about sth über etw akk wilde Behauptungen aufstellento substantiate a \claim eine Behauptung untermauernto support a \claim (in argument) eine Behauptung stützen; (in legal affairs) einen Anspruch begründento make a \claim on one's insurance bei der Versicherung einen Schadensanspruch geltend machento pay a \claim einen Schaden bezahlento put in a \claim [for sth] [für etw akk] Schadenersatz beantragento submit a \claim for sth für etw akk eine Auslagenerstattung einreichenlegal \claim Rechtsanspruch mto have a/no \claim to sth auf etw akk Anspruch/keinen Anspruch habento have no \claims on sb jdm gegenüber keine Ansprüche habento lay \claim to sth auf etw akk Anspruch erheben\claim to recourse Rückgriffsanspruch m4. ECON (insurance event) Schadensfall m; (insurance right) Versicherungsanspruch m, Anspruch m auf Versicherungsleistungto settle a \claim eine Forderung regulierenparticulars of \claim Klagebegründung f\claim barred by procedural requirements die Klage ist unzulässig\claim barred by res judicata die Rechtskraft steht der Klage entgegen\claim barred by the statute of limitations der Anspruch ist verjährtsmall \claim Bagatellsache fsmall \claims court Gericht, das für Geldansprüche bis zu einer bestimmten Höhe zuständig ist7. (patent)[statement of] \claim [Patent]anspruch m8. MIN[mining] \claim Claim ntto stake a \claim ein Claim absteckenII. vt1. (assert)both contestants \claimed victory after the race nach dem Rennen erhoben beide Wettbewerbsteilnehmer Anspruch auf den ersten Platzher new novel is \claimed to be her best yet ihr neuester Roman soll ihr bisher bester seinthe club \claims over 100 members der Verein führt über 100 Mitgliederto \claim responsibility die Verantwortung übernehmen▪ to \claim [that]... behaupten, dass...2. (declare ownership)to \claim diplomatic immunity sich akk auf diplomatische Immunität berufento \claim one's luggage sein Gepäck abholento \claim ownership of sth Besitzanspruch auf etw akk erhebento \claim the throne den Thron beanspruchen3. (require)to \claim sb's attention/a lot of time jds Aufmerksamkeit/viel Zeit in Anspruch nehmen4. (demand in writing)▪ to \claim sth etw beantragento \claim damages/a refund Schadenersatz/eine Rückerstattung fordernto \claim one's money back BRIT sein Geld zurückverlangen5. (cause death)to \claim thousands of lives Tausende von Leben fordern7. (sl)8.III. vi seine Ansprüche/seinen Anspruch geltend machen▪ to \claim for sth etw fordernto \claim on the insurance Schadenersatz bei der Versicherung beantragen* * *[kleɪm]1. vt1) (= demand as one's own or due) Anspruch m erheben auf (+acc); social security, benefits, sum of money (= apply for) beantragen; (= draw) beanspruchen; lost property abholenhe claimed diplomatic immunity — er berief sich auf seine diplomatische Immunität
to claim sth as one's own — etw für sich beanspruchen, Anspruch auf etw (acc) erheben
the fighting claimed many lives —
2) (= profess, assert) behauptenhe claims to have seen you — er behauptet, Sie gesehen zu haben, er will Sie gesehen haben
the club can claim a membership of... — der Verein kann... Mitglieder vorweisen
the advantages claimed for this technique — die Vorzüge, die man dieser Methode zuschreibt
3) one's attention, interest in Anspruch nehmen2. vi2)you can claim for your travelling expenses — Sie können sich (dat) Ihre Reisekosten zurückerstatten lassen
3. nhis claim to the throne/title/property etc — sein Anspruch auf den Thron/Titel/das Grundstück etc
my claim to fame is that... — mein Anspruch auf Ruhm begründet sich darauf, dass...
I have many claims on my time — meine Zeit ist or ich bin sehr in Anspruch genommen
you have no claim on me — du hast keine Ansprüche an mich (zu stellen)
children have first claim on their parents — die Kinder müssen an erster Stelle stehen, die Kinder müssen vorgehen
to lay claim to sth — Anspruch auf etw (acc) erheben
to put in a claim (for sth) — etw beantragen; (Insur) Ansprüche geltend machen
he put in an expenses claim for £100 — er reichte Spesen in Höhe von £ 100 ein
2) (= assertion) Behauptung fto make a claim —
have you heard his claim? — haben Sie gehört, was er behauptet?
the exaggerated claims made for the new washing powder — die übertriebenen Eigenschaften, die man diesem neuen Waschpulver zuschreibt
I make no claim to be a genius — ich erhebe nicht den Anspruch, ein Genie zu sein
See:→ stake* * *claim [kleım]A v/t1. fordern, beanspruchen, verlangen, geltend machen, Anspruch erheben auf (akk):claim compensation Ersatz fordern;claim back zurückfordern2. fig Aufmerksamkeit etc in Anspruch nehmen, (er)fordern3. fig (Todes)Opfer, Menschenleben fordern:c) aufweisen (können), habend) sich bekennen zu, die Verantwortung für einen Terroranschlag etc übernehmen5. zurück-, einfordern, (als sein Eigentum) abholenC s1. Anspruch m, Forderung f (on, against gegen):lay claim to → A 1, A 4 b;make a claim eine Forderung erheben oder geltend machen;to, [up]on auf akk, gegen):claim for damages Schadensersatzanspruch;claim to power Machtanspruch;3. Behauptung f, Anspruch m:make no claim to be complete keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit erheben4. USb) Claim m (Anteil an einem Goldgräberunternehmen)* * *1. transitive verb1) (demand as one's due property) Anspruch erheben auf (+ Akk.), beanspruchen [Thron, Gebiete]; fordern [Lohnerhöhung, Schadenersatz]; beantragen [Arbeitslosenunterstützung, Sozialhilfe usw.]; abholen [Fundsache]claim one's luggage — sein Gepäck [ab]holen
2) (represent oneself as having) für sich beanspruchen, in Anspruch nehmen [Sieg]3) (profess, contend) behaupten4) (result in loss of) fordern [Opfer, Menschenleben]2. intransitive verb1) (Insurance) Ansprüche geltend machen2) (for costs)3. nounclaim for damages/expenses — Schadenersatz fordern/sich (Dat.) Auslagen rückerstatten lassen
1) Anspruch, der (to auf + Akk.)lay claim to something — auf etwas (Akk.) Anspruch erheben
2) (assertion)make claims about something — Behauptungen über etwas (Akk.) aufstellen
4)claim for damages — Schadenersatzforderung, die
5)stake a claim to something — (fig.) ein Anrecht auf etwas (Akk.) anmelden
Phrasal Verbs:* * *n.Anrecht -e n.Forderung f.Recht -e n. v.anmaßen v.beanspruchen v.behaupten v.fordern v. -
18 debate
1. nобсуждение; дискуссия; дебаты; прения; спор; полемикаto address a General Assembly debate — выступать в прениях на заседании Генеральной Ассамблеи ( ООН)
to adjourn the debate on smth — откладывать / переносить обсуждения по какому-л. вопросу
to boycott a debate — бойкотировать обсуждение / прения
to check irrelevance and repetition in debate — прерывать выступления, не относящиеся к делу или повторяющие уже сказанное
to engage in a debate — вести дискуссию / дебаты; участвовать в прениях
to have the better of the debate — выигрывать от участия в дискуссии / дебатах
to interrupt the debate — прерывать обсуждение / прения
to null out of a debate — отказываться от участия в обсуждении / прениях
to postpone the debate on smth — откладывать / переносить прения по какому-л. вопросу
to prompt a debate — вызывать дискуссию / обсуждение
to protract a debate — затягивать дебаты / прения
to renew / to reopen one's debate — возобновлять дискуссию / дебаты / прения
to resolve the debate — разрешать противоречия, выявившиеся в ходе прений
to start a debate on smth — начинать дискуссию по какому-л. вопросу
to suspend the debate — прерывать обсуждение / прения
to walk out of the debate — покидать зал заседаний, отказавшись участвовать в прениях
- ample debateto wind up the debate — 1) завершать / заканчивать дискуссию / прения 2) развертывать дискуссию / дебаты
- beyond debate
- bitter debate
- broad debate
- campaign debate
- chaotic debate
- closure of the debate
- combined general debate
- Congressional debate
- Congressional debates
- constructive debate
- crucial debate
- debate centers on the question whether...
- debate continued well into the night
- debate continues unabated
- debate drags on
- debate is raging
- debate on inclusion of items
- disarmament debate
- domestic debate
- economic and social debate
- emergency debate
- fierce debate
- foreign-policy debate
- general debate
- general political debate
- heated debate
- in the course of debate
- intellectual debate
- keen debate
- live television debate
- lively debate
- North-South debate
- open debate
- opening of the debate
- order of a debate
- parliamentary debate
- polemic debate
- political debate
- potentially explosive debate
- preliminary debate
- primary debate
- procedural debate
- prolonged debate
- public debate
- raucous debate
- rowdy debate
- rules of a debate
- Security Council debate
- sharp debate
- spirited debate
- stormy debate
- substantive debate
- that is open to debate
- the question is still in debate
- touchstone of debate
- unlimited debate
- vehement debate
- vigorous debate
- world affairs debate at the UN 2. vдискутировать, обсуждать; дебатировать; споритьto debate amendments to smth — обсуждать / рассматривать поправки к чему-л.
to debate a matter in one's mind — взвешивать / обдумывать что-л.
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19 civil
громадянський; загальногромадянський ( про суд); цивільний; цивільно-правовий; цивільна справа з перепроводженням під варту- civil corporationcivil status registration office — бюро (відділ) запису актів громадянського стану, ЗАГС
- civil obligation
- civil action
- civil activism
- civil administration
- civil agent
- civil alternative service
- civil appeal
- civil authorities
- civil aviation act
- civil aviation law
- civil bail
- civil case
- civil case study
- civil casework
- civil circulation
- civil claim
- civil clerk
- civil code
- civil cognation
- civil commitment
- civil commotion
- civil complaint
- civil contempt
- civil court
- civil custody
- civil damages
- civil day
- civil death
- civil defence
- civil defense
- civil defendant
- civil degree
- civil demand
- civil disobedience
- civil disorder
- civil disorders
- civil disturbance
- civil disturbances
- civil disturbance
- civil disturbances
- civil division
- civil docket
- civil domicile
- civil enforcement agency
- civil evidence
- civil fine
- civil freedoms
- civil government
- civil identification
- civil incapacity
- civil inferior
- civil infraction
- civil injunction
- civil injury
- civil interruption
- civil investigation
- civil investigative demand
- civil judge
- civil judgement
- civil judgment
- civil jurisdiction
- civil justice
- civil justice official
- civil law
- civil law court
- civil law term
- civil lawyer
- civil legal aid
- civil legislation
- civil liability
- civil liberties
- civil liberties lawyer
- civil liberty
- civil list
- civil list annuity
- civil litigation
- civil marriage
- civil matter
- civil matters
- civil obligation
- civil offence
- civil offense
- civil offence victim
- civil offense victim
- civil offender
- civil office
- civil officer
- civil official
- civil penalty
- civil polity
- civil possession
- civil practice
- civil practice lawyer
- civil prisoner
- civil procedural law
- civil procedure
- civil procedure trial
- civil proceeding
- civil proceedings
- civil process
- civil register
- civil registration
- civil relief
- civil remedy
- civil responsibility
- civil right
- civil rights
- civil rights act
- civil rights activist
- civil rights movement
- civil risk
- civil sanction
- civil servant
- civil service
- civil side of assize
- civil society
- civil standards
- civil state
- civil status
- civil strife
- civil suit
- civil trial
- civil union
- civil unrest
- civil war
- civil wrong -
20 infringement
порушення (закону, прав, норм); обмеження (прав, інтересів тощо); ущемлення; недотримання; контрафакція- infringement matter
- infringement of a convention
- infringement of a patent
- infringement of a right
- infringement of a rule of law
- infringement of copyright
- infringement of law
- infringement of obligation
- infringement of patent
- infringement of rights
- infringement of rule of law
- infringement of treaty
См. также в других словарях:
procedural — pro·ce·dur·al /prə sē jə rəl/ adj: of or relating to procedure sentence reversed as result of procedural error in sentencing National Law Journal compare substantive pro·ce·dur·al·ly adv Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law … Law dictionary
procedural law — Law that prescribes the procedures and methods for enforcing rights and duties and for obtaining redress (e.g., in a suit). It is distinguished from substantive law (i.e., law that creates, defines, or regulates rights and duties). Procedural law … Universalium
Procedural justice — refers to the idea of fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources. One aspect of procedural justice is related to discussions of the administration of justice and legal proceedings. This sense of procedural justice is… … Wikipedia
merely a procedural matter — only a formality, just part of the official routine … English contemporary dictionary
matter — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 subject/situation that must be dealt with ADJECTIVE ▪ important, pressing, serious, urgent, weighty ▪ He left, saying he had pressing matters to attend to. ▪ … Collocations dictionary
procedural — adj. Procedural is used with these nouns: ↑fairness, ↑impropriety, ↑irregularity, ↑matter, ↑reform, ↑requirement, ↑safeguard, ↑technicality … Collocations dictionary
Judgment as a matter of law — (JMOL) is a motion made by a party, during trial, claiming the opposing party has insufficient evidence to reasonably support its case. JMOL is similar to summary judgment, which is a motion made before trial. JMOL is also known as a directed… … Wikipedia
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